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What are LEDs?
                                                                                                                            LEDs are solid-state semi-conductor devices that convert electrical energy directly into light. LED "cold" generation of light leads to high efficacy because most of the energy radiates within the visible spectrum. LEDs can be extremely small and durable and also provide longer lamp life than other sources.

The manufacturing process of LEDs is known as epitaxy, in which crystalline layers of different semiconductor material are grown on top of one another.                         Advances in epitaxial crystal growth processes have enabled the use of LED materials for colors that previously could not be made with high enough purity and structural precision.

Recent breakthroughs in the technique of chemical vapor deposition from metal organic precursors enable the cost-effective production of nitrides of the group III-metals from the periodic table including aluminum gallium indium nitrides. Highly efficient InGaN blue LEDs result from this process.

About 30 percent of the light generated inside the chip makes it way out of the brightest LEDs. Semiconductor materials have very high indices of refraction and can trap a great deal of light when configured in a square chip.                                                              An epoxy encapsulant around the LED chip reduces the refractive index mismatch and allows more light to be emitted.

For some LEDs, the light escaping the chip (extraction efficiency) can be 4 percent or lower. Transparent substrates and thick semiconductor layers increase the extraction efficiency. Making LED chips more spherical, which is now not practical for mass production, could also significantly increase extraction efficiency.
 

Learn all about led lights:

About lighting and health  

Energy efficiency

LED light bulbs  

Night lights used for night activities

Why even use it ?

How to produce LED light ?                               

Where the electrons get the energy ? 

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